The Syntagm of Gilgamesh - Free Essay Example

Among the numerous struggles humans undergo within a lifetime, the ultimate struggle of the human experience is to eventually contend with mortality. Kings can obtain as much physical power as they and their subjects have at hand, however even the most powerful of kings are subject to the brutal cycles of the most natural regulators. As solution seekers, humans have a great deal of trouble confronting this inevitable reality. There are of course, numerous historical paradigms that speak to this timeless struggle. One of these, is as ancient as written stories come, The Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem about a king who is characterized by almost all of the qualifications of a hero. The hero is an archetype that appears in nearly every myth, and undergoes general steps throughout, that make the journey about their progression through some external or internal conflict towards some resolution. Specifically, according to Joseph Campbell’s characterization of the monomyth of the hero, there are three necessary stages of the journey. These are departure, trials and temptations, and finally the reintegration into the familiar realm of the hero’s origin (Devinney and Thury (Whomsley) 219). The template laid out by Campbell is followed incredibly closely by many stories and myths whose hero must learn a valuable lesson, thereby teaching the lesson to the reader and fulfilling the functional role of mythology within the society that constructed the myth. The analysis of the differences and similarities of these narratives reveal the commonality to the message conveyed. In Levi Strauss’s analysis of mythology, he makes an analogy to the nature of syntagms and paradigms in linguistics as a method of understanding the structure of mythologies (Devinney and Thury (Kirk) 263). The universal struggle conveyed by the myth is itself a paradigm, while the specific instance of the myth itself serves as a single syntagm of the paradigm. This paper will explore the syntagmatic journey of Gilgamesh and Enkidu, to then integrate this specific narrative to the general paradigm that is being addressed. To achieve this analysis, the characterizations of both figures, their adheren ce to Campbell’s characterization of the heroic monomyth, and the specific struggle with mortality that Gilgamesh endures after Enkidu perishes, must all be thoroughly examined. In the first part of the epic, the reader is exposed to Gilgamesh’s characterization through the words and prayers of the people of Uruk, directed towards the God Aruru, requesting a method of dealing with their harsh and tyrannical ruler, Gilgamesh. As it is written, â€Å"Though he is their shepherd and protectorGilgamesh lets no girl go free to her bride [groom]† (George 4). The citizens of Uruk are complaining about their ruler who is supposed to be protecting them. This first characterization of Gilgamesh is a rather negative one, as it is implied that Gilgamesh is engaging in inordinately tyrannical behavior, even forcing young newly wed women to sleep with him. It is through this request that Gilgamesh’s parallel is introduced, Enkidu, who is created by the goddess Aruru to appease the qualms of the citizens of Uruk, so that a challenger of worthy capabilities can put Gilgamesh in his place and hopefully achieve a more protected society. So Aruru creates this wild man: â€Å"Coated in hair like the god of the animals† (George 5). It is important to consider Enkidu’s physical characterizations. He is very hairy, and wild in nature. He is one with the animals and â€Å"knows not a people, nor even a country† (George 5). This emphasis on Enkidu’s untamed nature becomes significant as the development of the two characters progresses. As Enkidu’s story progresses, his departure from his own familiar realm is achieved by his succumbing to his temptation of lust, as a hunter who notices that Enkidu is undoing his traps, plans to entrap Enkidu by seducing him with a prostitute. The hunter tells the prostitute, â€Å"Uncradle your bosom, bare your sex, let him take in your charmshe will see you, and will approach you† (George 7). The woman does just this and successfully beds Enkidu for six days and seven nights. This experiences transforms Enkidu, as is evident by the rejection of Enkidu afterward by his animal companions. According to Campbell’s monomyth, Enkidu is accomplishing departure from his animalistic world to a civilized one, largely guided by a powerful female role, referred to commonly within the monomyth template, as the anima (Devinney and Thury 219). Enkidu then learns of the existence of Gilgamesh who is ruling over Uruk unnecessarily harshly, and goes to the city to fight Gilgame sh in an epic fight that literally shakes the whole city (George 16). Finally, their battle comes to an end and the two find a mutual respect for each other. In fact the text even goes as far as to say â€Å"They kissed each other and formed a friendship† (George 17). The unification of these two characters prompts the beginning of their epic journey together. They seek adventure and self-magnification through victories in their conquests. First, Enkidu and Gilgamesh agree to travel to the Forest of Cedar trees to fight the notorious godly guardian of the trees, Humbaba. Their long journey leads them to their battle with Humbaba who is overcome by the two mighty figures and Enkidu eventually convinces Gilgamesh to end Humbaba’s life. He says to Gilgamesh, â€Å"finish him, slay him, do away with his power† (George 43). Gilgamesh agrees and carries out this task as Enkidu eggs him on. It is in this scene that it becomes very evident of the enabling nature of the relationship between Enkidu and Gilgamesh. In their arrival back in Uruk, Gilgamesh’s physical characteristics tempt the lust of Ishtar, a goddess. Gilgamesh however, rejects her advances explaining that he is aware of â€Å"the fates suffered by her many former conque sts† (George 47). The knowledge not to give in to lustful temptations can be understood as a trial in its own regard, and this can also be understood through the lens of Campbell’s hero and Carl Jung’s additional focus on the female anima shaping the journey of the hero (Devinney Thury 222). The role of this temptress goddess is a familiar one to the monomyth and indeed does play a large role in the shaping of the rest of Gilgamesh and Enkidu’s journey. For, in anger of his rejection, Ishtar releases the Bull of Heaven, who comes down to earth and as he snorts, â€Å"a pit opened up, one hundred men of Uruk fell down it† (George 51). After the bull does this twice, Enkidu manages to grab hold of it and the two actually manage to defeat this bull. This scene is particularly powerful in that Enkidu and Gilgamesh are both saving the town of Uruk from death, but also achieving their self magnification by defeating such a powerful being. The accomplishments of the two speaks to the seemingly limitless ability of the two men to handle external conflicts. They seem to be able to overcome whatever struggle they encounter. It is not until the next part of the epic, that the power and abilities of Gilgamesh and Enkidu are brought into question, causing Gilgamesh to c ontend with the truest conflict of the epic, his own mortality. In the next part of the poem, Enkidu relays to Gilgamesh certain disturbing dreams that he has been having. In this dream, Enkidu reveals â€Å"The gods Anu, Enlil, Ea and celestial Shamash held assembly, Anu spokebecause they slew the Bull of Heaven, and slew Humbababetween these two let one of them dielet Enkidu die, but let not Gilgamesh die!† (George 55). Sure enough, as time progresses, Enkidu gets sicker and more miserable and eventually, he dies. Gilgamesh is really affected by the death of Enkidu. He mourns and makes the whole town of Uruk mourn with him but what really gets to Gilgamesh, is that Enkidu, such a powerful being was subject to death, and this implies the possibility that Gilgamesh cannot escape this end as well. Gilgamesh states â€Å"I shall die, and shall I not then be as Enkidu?† (George 70). This confrontation with mortality is the first we see of Gilgamesh’s real worry and weakness. It begins to become clear that the heroic feats of Gi lgamesh and Enkidu served the purpose to characterize these figures as triumphant in almost all realms. They are both of the most desirable, admired, and fiercest men, truly representative of the furthest limitations of the power humans (or even part god humans) can obtain. It is this fulfillment of the superficial characteristics of the hero that make the latter parts of the epic so powerful. Once Gilgamesh has defeated his most challenging adversary’s and watched his closest friend die, he is faced with his own mortality, the one thing he encounters that is out of his control. Of course, this is not something Gilgamesh outright accepts, as is evident through the next part of the epic, where Gilgamesh desperately goes on a journey seeking immortality. The journey of Gilgamesh proceeds, and he finds himself at the sea-shore where he meets a tavern-keeper. He tells his story of triumphs with Enkidu and the tavern keeper inquires, â€Å"If you and Enkidu were the ones who slewHumbabaand slew the Bullwhy are your cheeks so hollow, your face so sunken?† George 77). The notable changes to Gilgamesh’s appearance are important here, as they speak to Gilgamesh’s true transformation after Enkidu dies. The tavern keeper and Gilgamesh talk and eventually, Gilgamesh asks her how to arrive at the â€Å"road to Uta-napishti† (George 78). After a long journey, Gilgamesh actually is able to make it to Uta-napishti, despite this being an almost impossible task. When he arrives, Uta-napishti is curious as well why Gilgamesh looks so defeated. â€Å"Why are your cheeks so hollow, your face so sunken† (George 83). Gilgamesh explains that he is crushed because of the death of his friend, in fact he puts it as â€Å"t he doom of mortals overtook him† (George 84). This is addressing the immediate point. Gilgamesh has actually been forced to confront his own mortality, completely out of his broad control. Despite Uta-napushti’s wise words about the nature and role of death, Gilgamesh presses him further and asks how he has achieved this feat of immortality. Uta-napishti explains his story. This story resembles the biblical story of Noah’s ark, as Uta-napishti is told by the gods to build a huge boat for himself and his family so that he may survive an otherwise completely decimating flood. The result of this is the God Enlil, granting Uta-napishti and his wife immortality, as it says â€Å"In the past Uta-napishti was a mortal man, but now he and his wife shall become like us gods!† (George 95). Uta-napishti then tells Gilgamesh that if he wants to achieve immortality he should endure a test. â€Å"For six days and seven nights, come, do without slumber† (George 95). What is particularly interesting about this task is that it does not involve achieving some large feat of physical strength or courage like Gilgamesh’s previous triumphs. Rather, it is, like death, an inevitable and unavoidable aspect of life that humans must passively endure. In fact, â€Å"As soon as Gilgamesh squatted down on his haunches, sleepalready breathed over himâ₠¬  (George 96). One might pause at this point in some kind of confusion, as this task does not immediately seem as intense as the other feats Gilgamesh has accomplished throughout his journey. This is precisely why this task is chosen, to juxtapose all that Gilgamesh is capable of, to his utter limitations as a physically bound being. Upon waking Gilgamesh after seven days, Uta-napishti banishes Gilgamesh, but tells him of a secret plant, that can make him young again. Gilgamesh, escorted by the boatman Ur-shanabi recovers the plant and decides he will take it back to Uruk. During his trip home however, Gilgamesh bathes in a body of water and sets the plant down. It is then that â€Å"Of the plant’s fragrance, a snake caught scent, came up, and bore the plant off.† (George 99). The snake then sheds its skin to a younger version of itself, just as the plant is intended to do. The explanation for why snakes shed their skin here is quite interesting but what is more attention grabbing, is the aspect of chance, and the trivialness of this simple action of the snake, that dooms Gilgamesh to a mortal fate. Finally, Gilgamesh returns home, fulfilling the last aspect of Campbell’s hero’s journey, reintegration into his familiar realm and society, despite his seeming failures. Gilgamesh is defeated, not by something much stronger, and quicker than him, but of natural events outside of his control. Namely, a wild animal stealing his plant, his own need for sleep and his own inevitable mortality. The scene with the snake is so significant because the plant, and consequently Gilgamesh’s chances of rejuvenation, are simply taken from Gilgamesh after he endures such long and daring journeys. As such, this is truly symbolic of Gilgamesh’s whole journey and the lessons he learns. No matter the feats he accomplishes, the strength he acquires, he is bound by his physical limitations. With the epic at a close, Gilgamesh appears as if he ultimately fails. This abrupt ending sits a little uneasy, as the characterization of Gilgamesh has been so heroic and triumphant. However, there is no better way to end this epic than the squashing of Gilgamesh’s final attempts at his unattainable goal, by a simple action of a tricky snake. The reader should und erstand that if Gilgamesh were triumphant in his goals, he would not be relatable to human beings. In fact, it is his limitations that make Gilgamesh truly the hero of this epic. Gilgamesh, is afterall two thirds god and only one third human. The reader can only relate to the hero in Gilgamesh that is mortal, limited and human. This syntagm of the hero’s journey expands the paradigm of Campbell’s characterization of the hero. That is, instead of achieving heroic status through feats of strength and will, Gilgamesh’s heroism is accomplished through the ultimate reconciliation of his own limitations. It is in this way that the categorical distinction of the hero class is broadened, and that the function of this myth is fulfilled. This epic sways from the typical narrative of mythological stories, as it teaches the reader that throughout all the characterizations of god-like humans modelling the life to live, and setting the template for the hero’s journey, it is only through acceptance of human limitations that the true human hero emerges.

Analysis Of Traditional Revenge Tragedy In Hamlet

For my first critical review I will be starting off with A Traditional Revenge Tragedy. This article is written by Poonam Valeria. In her review of Hamlet, the play, she starts off by giving a lightly detailed background of Shakespeare. Then continues to apply the six characteristics of a traditional revenge tragedy and their application to Hamlet. The first characteristic is that the plot has to start off with a crime of some sort, in Hamlet that would be the death of King Hamlet. The death of King Hamlet is what sparked the traveling of Prince Hamlet to Denmark from Germany. If the Prince hadn’t come home than there would be no Hamlet. â€Å"The first murdered character is King Hamlet who is supposed to be revenged by his son prince Hamlet.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The play of Hamlet obviously applies to this characteristic. The struggle is of the Prince’s decision to end his life or not.The death is of all the lives lost while Prince Hamlet tries to get his revenge (ex: Polonius). The adultery is between King Claudius and the Queen of Denmark. The treachery could be from many things, it could be between Prince Hamlet and his friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern or between Hamlet and his mother. â€Å"Hamlet ponders, and gives too little credence to the fact that he sent Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their deaths without hesitating† (Valeria, 2007) The fifth characteristic: After the revenge has taken place, there are serious consequences on the avenged and avenger. At the end of the play, everyone basically dies. The Queen, the King, Hamlet and Laertes die. â€Å"Thus, all these melodramatic incidents make the play â€Å"Hamlet† a true tragedy in traditional sense of the term revenge.†(Valeria, 2007). And finally the sixth characteristic is that the revenge is delayed till the very end of the play. 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Men And Women s Basketball Essay - 1448 Words

Although men and women’s basketball are closer to being equal than softball and baseball, the leagues are still separate. America has a women’s league and a men’s league and never the two shall meet. A woman is not allowed in the NBA since she has the WNBA. The separation is strong, obvious, and seemingly permanent. Like basketball, they created softball to play indoors during the winter. The game earned the name softball and due to its easier properties was often â€Å"regarded as baseball’s stepchild† (Ring, p. 60). They passed the game down to women, as it seemed safe enough to limit the risk of injury. And so the separation began. Astonishingly, sexism still exists and in 2002, columnist Stephen Moore expressed, allowing women to play in March Madness is â€Å"annoying† and the tournament would be better without them (McDonagh Pappano, p. 237). He believes women in sports intrude and ruin â€Å"precious moments of bonding† (McDonagh Pappano, p. 237). 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Fixing the Teenage Pregnancy Problem A Humble Suggestion...

A Humble Suggestion It is a melancholy feeling one bears when trying not to stare too obviously at a young girl with a large, attention-calling belly full of baby, and this girl might not even be through her sophomore year in high school. One might wonder what this girl’s plan is. Will this very large girl drop out of school? Is she still seeing whoever put that in her? If so, is he ready to help provide for the future child? One might even wonder if a belly that big is carrying twins, but we all hope not. Occurrences like these are not odd or rare, but no matter how common they have become, the problem is no less evident. This problem is not unsolvable, in fact, many solutions exist, but no matter how promising a proposal is, nothing†¦show more content†¦Though this reasoning is a stretch, abstinence is almost the only 100% effective adversary to teenage pregnancy. Another possible solution is compulsory sterilization, meaning that the government would administer a f orced prohibition of child bearing through surgical sterilization. Though this proposal might initially be perceived to echo similar approaches taken by Nazi Germany under the Third Reich, my resolution is actually much more ethical. Similar to the abstinence-only proposal, forced sterilization is also 100% effective, but unlike the abstinence-only proposal, this policy recognizes that teenagers having sex is inevitable. The enforced sterilization I suggest is much tamer than any implemented by a totalitarian nation. Unlike the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring passed in Germany during the summer of 1933, my proposal is much more modest. The mentally retarded, mentally ill, epileptic, blind, deaf, and physically deformed would not be required for fixing, I merely propose that men who fall under a specific income and intelligence criteria be sterilized through the means of a vasectomy. Money and intelligence move society forward, making them the two perfect st andards to base required sterilization off of. At first glance, this solution may appear too complicated, but dictating it would hardly be something the national government could not easily execute. Tests no different from any otherShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL

Government s Military Interventions Toward Native Peoples...

The primary memory of United States’ westward expansion in the 19th century is one of triumph because it doubled the nation’s territory and increased trade. However, the Old West during the 19th century was characterized by America’s brutal obsession with expansion and the concept of American exceptionalism. In Blood Meridian by Cormac McCarthy, Judge Holden celebrates the human nature of violence and its necessity to find order in chaos. Blinded by the greed for control, he refuses to acknowledge the norms of civilized behavior. Similarly, under the principles of the Manifest Destiny, the U.S. government’s military interventions toward Native peoples overlooked violence. These parallels reflect the exceptionalist idea that one is inherently more virtuous and entitled to higher purposes. Historians and primary accounts confirm the parallelism that McCarthy draws between violence and American history. 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Impact Color Associations Have on Gender Stereotypes

intro Surely it is common knowledge nowadays that pink is the colour for girls and blue is the colour for boys, but the real question is, why? How did the colour pink gain its label as a girls colour? And why is blue recognised today as a boys colour? Why have these particular colours become so gender specific? Do these gender normal behaviours reflect some built in biological difference between the sexes or did culture somehow dictate the gender preferences? Are they culturally manufactured? Have we as a modern society constructed this problematic gender identity through the use of advertising and marketing? Despite supposedly living in a modern day era where the efforts are being made to promote gender equality; the stereotyping of gender still remains such a social problem, it is still evident that there is still a major gender divide when it comes to little girls and boys. 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Corporate Law Australian Partnership Act

Questions: 1. Explain how a partner can be sued from the operations of the partnership.Be sure to consider liability within the partnership as well as liability to outsiders.2. Will is the only director of Pizza Plus Pty Ltd (Pizza Plus) a small company which makes and sells pizzas in Australia.Wills wife Betty is a director of Dominos Australia Ltd (Dominos) which also makes and sells pizzas in Australia and has justintroduced in Australia the first pizza delivery by drone. This drone delivery has been very successfulBetty is also a shareholder in her husbands company, Pizza Plus. Betty takes from Dominos secret details about the drone delivery service and the customer lists and gives them to her husband and his company, Pizza Plus. Pizza Plus uses these details and startsits drone service and sales increase greatly. A month after starting this new service one of Pizza Plus drones falls and hits Jill, acustomer, on the head, causing serious injuries.a) What types of corporate liability can Piz za Plus Pty Ltd be exposed to because of Bettys actions?b) Can Jill take legal action against Pizza Plus and explain what areas of law could be involved. Answers: 1. According to Australian partnership Act 1963-Section-6, partnership is a legal relation between two or more people hauling on a business with a view of investment, profit and loss. In part 6 of this partnership act, it is stated that partnership involves an external partnership in some provisions of business (Australian Capital Territory, 2015). Furthermore, section-13 of Partnership Act 1963 depicts that each partner of a firm other than incorporated limited partnership will be liable jointly with the other partners for obligations and debts of firm that are incurred at the time while the partner is a partner of the firm. However, a partner will be liable for obligations and debts of the partnership if the partnership is not satisfying clearly the debts and obligations and has a greater extent as stated in partnership agreement (Barron, 2013). Therefore, a partner can be sued from the operation of partnership Act if they involved in a partnership and will held be liable for any t ransaction in the partnership. Liability of Partners to Outsiders: The partnership Act recognizes different kinds of partners such as active or general partners, silent or sleeping partners which may be involved in the management of the firm. In this way, the principle of outsider liability is originated from the case of Re Baird (1870), which is stated in Partnership Act (Adams and Nehme, 2015). This principle depicts that if in a firm the transaction arises due to the normal or usual course and any third party is dealing with the partner as a lack of authority, than the firm will be liable for transaction as the principle of transaction. The liability will be imposed on the all partners by tort and virtue of Partnership Act (NSW s 5; SA s 5; Qld 8; WAs26; Tas s 6; Vic s 9; NTs9; ACT s 9;). Furthermore, the partner can be sued from the operations of partnership and will be liable for any act of partners if the arisen issue is a kind of business and usually carried by the firm. According to partnership operations, if a partner does act within the scope of business but the transaction is not being done in a usual way. Then, the other partners will be not liable for the act of that partner. For example: in case of Jenkins v Goldberg (1889), a partner borrowed fund at 60% interest rate on behalf of the firm which was an unusual way, because the interest rate was far in excess in comparison of normal commercial interest rate (Arbabzada, 2016). Therefore, other partners will be not liable for this action and cannot be sued for this. On the other hand, in case of Holland and Whittington (HW), P is the client of the firm. H as a senior manager dealt with P, but H junior manager gave advice for the investment. P lost a considerable amount and then H junior manager disappeared. I n this situation, P can sue for theirs loses because court held that the advice of investment was in the usual course of the firm therefore the partners are liable for fraud of junior manager. Hence, the outsiders can sue from the rest partners if they do not recover their amount from the engaged partner. 2 (A). In the given case, Betty used secret details of Dominos about the drone delivery service and customer lists and give them to other company. Therefore, the given situation is a clear case, where a corporation has been involved in wrong doings by seeking to get inside information of a competing company. So, the corporate liability arises and also, as the director of the company was fully aware and involved in this offence, directors personal liabilities also arise. The corporate theory emphasizes a wider range of practical issues that are related to corporate law. In Australia, corporate liability for wrong doing and responsibility are remarkable for a number of reasons (Arofa et al, 2015). In this way, they exhibit a clear tendency towards the concept of blameworthiness that will lead to criminal corporate liability for the organization rather than a contractual model of corporation. Furthermore, there are major expansions in Australian law for the strictness of sanctions emplo yed as a method of accountability for corporate misconduct. According to Criminal Code Act 1995, an individual commits offence against section 271.5, 271.6, 271.7, 271.7D or 271.7E if he is conducted to the constitution of offence that occurred within a territory and the conducted constitution of the offence is engaged by Constitutional Corporation (Austlii, 2016). Furthermore, the corporate employer may be sued for the action of its employees by the theory of vicarious liability. According to vicarious liability it is responsibility of employer that if it does not discuss the responsibility of employees then employer would be liable for damages and injuries (Giliker, 2010). According to competition act, the company may be held liable to cause the competition away from both of the companies as Dominos Australia Ltd and Pizza Plus Pty Ltd (Morandin and Smith, 2011). Along with this, Pizza Plus breached the terms, policies and conditions defined in the Australian corporate law 2001. This is the case of like insider trading in which the confidential information of the company is used by the investors for personal benefit. Similarly, Will used the confidential information of Dominos Australia Ltd for competing against the company and achieving the higher growth (CCH Australia, 2010). The company may be held liable because the way of competing and w inning the market used by company is not legally fair. The company may be held liable for the public interest because the information stolen by the Pizza Plus will affect the business of Dominos Australia Ltd which causes the wealth loss to investors. (B). Yes, Jill can take legal action against the Pizza Plus Pty Ltd. According to Australian law, it is the responsibility of management and director that they have all the business information confidential. In this case, according to Law of Torts, Jill can take legal action against the Pizza Plus Pty Ltd. the law of tort describes that an individual is liable to take legal action if individual face the loss, injury, and any damage from the other person then individual can sue case against the responsible people and firm for compensation (Calo et al, 2016). As per the law, the liability of tort arises when an individual suffers from damage and injury due to violation of contract by any other person. In this type situation, the person who breaches the rules by implementing new services in organization without having the full information about the project then organization will be liable to pay compensation. In context of Jill, the Jill can sue the case on Pizza Plus Pty Ltd as they im plemented the drone delivery service on basis of Dominos Australia Ltd services. Further, on basis of Corporations Act 2001, it is required that company or firm doesnt disclose any secret information of company to others (CCH Australia, 2010). If they does and caught by law they would be liable for entire case. The case between Liebeck v. McDonalds Restaurants 1992 is an example case in which company is liable for customers injury. In this case, coffee cup was fall on the Liebeck and he suffers from the burn injuries. After this StellaLiebeck sue a court case against the McDonald and court accepts the plea of Liebeck. In this case, court founded that according to law of tort, McDonald is liable for entire case and court give the order to McDonald for the StellaLiebecks compensation (Rosenfeld, 2015). On the other hand, in case of Jill and Pizza Plus the Australian product testing laws breaches. In this case, it is possibility that Pizza Plus implement the concept of drone delivery service without any testing and it has some technical issues which cause the drones falls. If any person suffers injuries due to lack of testing then the company or firm would be liable for entire case which implements concept of drone delivery service (ACCC, 2016). According to Australian product testing law, In case of Jill and Pizza Plus, it is the responsibility of company that they would conduct product testing related to service s of Drone delivery system to provide the better services and reduces the risk of injuries. But Pizza Plus does not test the services of Drone delivery system and it cause of Jills serious injuries. The case of Procter Gamble related to Clairol Touch of Yogurt Shampoo in 1979 is the example case for the product testing. In this case, company does not conduct any testing related to shampoo quality and after using this product many customers face the various skin diseases (Frohlich, 2014). Further, court accepts the plea of peoples and gives order to company for customers injuries compensation and to stop the sale of that product. On the basis of this, it can be said that Jill is liable to take legal action against the Pizza Plus. References: ACCC, (2016) Product testing [online]. Available at: https://www.productsafety.gov.au/product-safety-laws/compliance-surveillance/product-testing (Accessed: 25 January 2017). Adams, M. A., and Nehme, M. (2015) Business Organization. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Arbabzada, Z. (2016) Law of Associations. [Online]. Available at: https://studentvip-notes.s3.amazonaws.com/901-sample.pdf (Accessed: 25 January 2017). Arofa, E., Yunus, A., Sofyan, A. and Borahima, A., (2015) Corporate Criminal Liability for Corruption Offences in Indonesian Criminal Justice System.International Journal of Advanced Research,3(8), pp.246-250. Austlii, (2016) Commonwealth Consolidated Acts [online]. Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/cca1995115/sch1.html (Accessed: 25 January 2017). Australian Capital Territory (2015) Partnership Act 1963. [Online]. Available at: https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1963-5/current/pdf/1963-5.pdf (Accessed: 25 January 2017). Barron, M. (2013) Fundamentals of Business Law. Australia: McGraw-Hill Education. Calo, R., Froomkin, A. and Kerr, I. (2016) Robot Law. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. CCH Australia, (2010) Corporations Act 2001, ASIC Act 2001, related regulations, current as at 1 January 2010. AU: CCH Australia Limited. Frohlich, T. (2014) The 10 Worst Product Fails of All Time [Online]. Available at: https://time.com/13549/the-10-worst-product-fails-of-all-time/ (Accessed: 25 January 2017). Giliker, P. (2010) Vicarious Liability in Tort: A Comparative Perspective. UK: Cambridge University Press. Morandin, N. and Smith, J. (2011) Australian Competition and Consumer Legislation 2011. AU: CCH Australia Limited Rosenfeld, J. (2015) Liebeck v. McDonalds: The Hot Coffee Controversy [online]. Available at: https://www.rosenfeldinjurylawyers.com/news/liebeck-v-mcdonalds-the-hot-coffee-controversy/ (Accessed: 25 January 2017).